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Feral children books | Reference books and source materials

Primary Sources

Many of the earlier works listed here are our only source of information for some of the feral children in the list. The names of any children who receive significant coverage in these works are shown.

Linnaeus

Although it is Linnaeus's mention of feral children — his oft-quoted phrase "Homo Ferus. Tetrapus, mutus, hirsutus." — which receives the publicity, there are several references to feral children that substantially predate his first edition of around 1758.

Linnaeus didn't research his list very carefully: note that he gets the date of the Wolf-Boy of Hesse wrong by 200 years, and mentions Rousseau's "two boys of the Pyrenees" who are, in fact, the Girl of Issaux and a wild man.

Reliability

Some of the older works make fascinating reading. Guyon's Diverses leçons, for example, includes a detailed account of the Wolf Boy of the Ardennes, but also includes a section on monsters born to women who consorted with beasts…

Read more online

In many cases, the work (or an extract from it) is available here for you to read online. For the older sources, it's useful to be able to read Latin, German, French and English. The works are shown in reverse chronological order, although some of the dates refer to the editions available now, which were often republished many years after the original appeared.


The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog: And Other Stories from a Child Psychiatrist's Notebook - What Traumatized Children Can Teach Us About Life, Loss and Healing

The Boy Who Was Raised as a Dog: And Other Stories from a Child Psychiatrist's Notebook - What Traumatized Children Can Teach Us About Life, Loss and Healing
Perry, Bruce & Szalavitz, Maia
Basic Books, 2007-04-5
ISBN 0465056520
 
FeralChildren.com says The impact of trauma on the child's developing brain.

The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature

The Stuff of Thought: Language as a Window into Human Nature
Pinker, Steven
Allen Lane, 2007-09-27
ISBN 9780713997415
 
FeralChildren.com says "The Stuff of Thought" is an exhilarating work of non-fiction. Surprising, thought-provoking and incredibly enjoyable, there is no other book like it - Steven Pinker will revolutionise the way you think about language. He analyses what words actually mean and how we use them, and he reveals what this can tell us about ourselves. He shows how we use space and motion as metaphors for more abstract ideas, and uncovers the deeper structures of human thought that have been shaped by evolutionary history. He also explores the emotional impact of language, from names to swear words, and shows us the full power that it can have over us. And, with this book, he also shows just how stimulating and entertaining language can be.

Making American Boys: Boyology and the Feral Tale

Making American Boys: Boyology and the Feral Tale
Kidd, Kenneth
University of Minnesota Press, 2004-03
ISBN 9780816642953
 
FeralChildren.com says Using tales of feral children (fictional and real), Kidd looks at the cultural perception of boys in modern American society.

George and Sam: Autism in the Family

George and Sam: Autism in the Family
Moore, Charlotte
Viking, 2004-05-6
 
FeralChildren.com says Writing about her own two autistic sons, the author also looks at cases of feral children.

The Great Pretenders

The Great Pretenders
Bondeson, Jan
W W Norton, 2004-02-1
ISBN 9780393019698
 
FeralChildren.com says Includes a chapter that investigates whether Kaspar Hauser, the abandoned boy who claimed to have been imprisoned in a cell and given only bread and water, was really the missing crown prince of Baden.

Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human

Nature Via Nurture: Genes, Experience, and What Makes Us Human
Ridley, Matt
HarperCollins, 2003-04-29
ISBN 9780060006785
 

Autism: Explaining the Enigma

Autism: Explaining the Enigma
Frith, Uta
Blackwell Publishers, 2003
ISBN 9780631229018
 
FeralChildren.com says In one chapter of this work, the author draws a parallel between feral children and autism.

First Language Acquisition: Essential Readings

First Language Acquisition: Essential Readings
Foley, Claire & Lust, Barbara (eds)
Blackwell, 2003-11-26
ISBN 0631232559
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says Includes the paper The Linguistic Development of Genie by Curtiss, Fromkin et al.

The Cradle of Thought

The Cradle of Thought
Hobson, Professor Peter
Macmillan, 2002-02-22
ISBN 9780333766330
 
FeralChildren.com says Imaginative and creative thought is what distinguishes humans from animals. It is what defines us as Homo sapiens. What it means to have thoughts, and what gives us the remarkable capacity to think, have been subjects of debate for centuries. In The Cradle of Thought, Peter Hobson presents a new and provocative theory about the nature and origins of uniquely human thinking.

At the Borders of the Human: Beasts, Bodies and Natural Philosophy in the Early Modern Period

At the Borders of the Human: Beasts, Bodies and Natural Philosophy in the Early Modern Period
Fudge, Erica (ed) & Gilbert, Ruth (ed) & Wiseman, Susan (ed)
Palgrave Macmillan, 2002-06-1
ISBN 9780333973844
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says This collection considers the borders between humans and their imagined others: animals, women, native subjects, machines. It examines border creatures (hermaphrodites, wildmen, and cyborgs) and border practices (science, surveying, and pornography). Includes a chapter by Michael Newton examining whether Wild Peter had a soul.

Symbolic Childhood

Symbolic Childhood (Popular Culture & Everyday Life)
Cook, Daniel Thomas (ed)
Peter Lang, New York, 2002-07-1
page 65-85
ISBN 9780820455808
 
FeralChildren.com says Includes the chapter: John, Genie and Kaspar: Some Recent Scientific Uses of Wildness, Confinement, and Abuse, by Benzaquén, Adriana Silvia.

Condillac: Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge

Condillac: Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge
de Condillac, Etienne Bonnot; Aarsleff, Hans (ed)
Cambridge University Press, 2001-09
ISBN 9780521585767
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says Condillac's Essay on the Origin of Human Knowledge, first published in French in 1746 and offered here in a new translation.

The Language Instinct

The Language Instinct
Pinker, Steven
Perennial, 2000-11-7
ISBN 9780060958404
 

Animal Others: On Ethics, Ontology, and Animal Life

Animal Others: On Ethics, Ontology, and Animal Life
Steeves, H Peter
State University of New York Press, 1999-10
ISBN 9780791443101
 

An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition

An Introduction to Linguistic Theory and Language Acquisition
Crain, Stephen (ed) & Lillo-Martin, Diane (ed)
Blackwell, 1999
 

Encounters with Wild Children: Childhood, Knowledge, and Otherness

Benzaquen, Adriana Silvia
York University, Toronto, 1999
ISBN 9780612434141
 
FeralChildren.com says Encounters with Wild Children: Childhood, Knowledge, and Otherness is a critical and comparative study of the stories of some extraordinary children, named "wild" or "feral" by the adults who discovered them: Peter of Hanover, the wild girl of Songi, Victor of Aveyron, Kaspar Hauser, Amala and Kamala of Midnapore, Genie, the gazelle boy of the Sahara Desert, and many others. It is also a historico-philosophical study of relations between adults and children. Wild children were 'received' by scientists and administrators as privileged objects of knowledge, believed to hold answers to fundamental questions — about the boundaries of the human, the character and significance of civilization, and the relation between nature and culture, heredity and environment. Regardless of whether it took place in 1730s France ('wild girl'), 1820s Nuremberg (Kaspar), 1920s Bengal (Amala and Kamala) or 1970s Los Angeles (Genie), the encounter with the wild child raised crucial problems of classification and diagnosis, knowledge-production, communication and language, and caring for the child. While the wild children unfailingly attracted scientific and popular curiosity and concern, they were given many different meanings and elicited varied responses. My dissertation analyzes these meanings and responses, which reveal much about the societies and communities that came in contact with each wild child. I trace the complex links between the wild child and the 'savage' as well as the ambiguous way in which the wild child functions discursively as a figure or example, sometimes of the extraordinary (at maximum distance from other children and the idea of the 'normal child') and sometimes of the typical (representing 'every child'). On the basis of a detailed reconstruction of the philosophical and scientific controversies in which wild children were enlisted, I argue that their stories have indelibly affected the history of the human sciences, the sciences of childhood, and the social and institutional practices dependent on them (e.g., school, welfare, mental health, law).

Words and Rules

Words and Rules
Pinker, Steven
Perennial, 1999-11-18
ISBN 9780060958336
 

Le silence des bêtes

Le silence des bêtes
Fontenay, Elisabeth de
Fayard, 1998-09-23
ISBN 9782213600451
 
FeralChildren.com says In which the author ponders the difference between humans and animals, and specifically, the way in which language distinguishes humans from (other) animals.

Kaspar Hauser: The Struggle for the Spirit

Kaspar Hauser: The Struggle for the Spirit
Tradowsky, Peter; Wood, John M (trans)
Temple Lodge Publishing, 1997-10
ISBN 9780904693898
 

Misha: A Memoire of the Holocaust Years

Misha: A Memoire of the Holocaust Years
Defonseca, Misha
Mount Ivy Press, Boston, 1997-04
ISBN 9780963525772
 

Teaching English Through the Disciplines

Kasper, Loretta F (ed)
Whittier Publications, 1997
ISBN 9781576040614
Read this online
 
FeralChildren.com says Includes the chapter: The Civilizing Of Genie, by Maya Pines.

An Invitation to Cognitive Science - 2nd Edition: Vol. 1: Language

An Invitation to Cognitive Science - 2nd Edition: Vol. 1: Language
Gleitman, Lila R (ed) & Liberman, Mark (ed) & Osherson, Daniel N (ed)
MIT Press, 1995-10-16
ISBN 9780262650441
 

Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances

Language Development in Exceptional Circumstances
Bishop, Dorothy & Mogford, Kay
1993-03-1
ISBN 9780863773082
 
FeralChildren.com says Includes the chapter: Extreme Deprivation in Early Childhood, by Skuse, D H, which talks about language development in circumstances of extreme deprivation.

Wolf Boy of Agra and Feral Children and Autistic Children

Bettelheim, Bruno & Ogburn, William F
Irvington Publishers, 1993-01
ISBN 9780829027099
 

Final Note on a Case of Extreme Isolation

Davis, Kingsley
Irvington Publishers, 1993
ISBN 9780829037890
 

The Kaspar Hauser Syndrome of Psychosocial Dwarfism: Deficient Statural, Intellectual, and Social Growth Induced by Child Abuse

The Kaspar Hauser Syndrome of Psychosocial Dwarfism: Deficient Statural, Intellectual, and Social Growth Induced by Child Abuse
Money, John
Prometheus Books, 1992-07
 

What Am I Doing Here?

What Am I Doing Here?
Chatwin, Bruce
Vintage, 1989-12-3
ISBN 9780099769811
 

Nature and culture in western discourses. Wildness, primitivism and feral children

Horigan, Stephen David
Routledge, London, 1988
ISBN 9780415007986
 
FeralChildren.com says A book that started as a PhD thesis. Chapter 4, Feral Children: the debate on the limits to humanity discusses Feral Children in the context of the preoccupation with the origin of langauge prevalent in the 17th century, and in the debate over exactly what constitutes humanity.

Eyewitness to History

Eyewitness to History
Carey, John
Faber and Faber, 1987
page 28-30
ISBN 9780380729685
Read an extract
 

Tribal and Peasant Life in Nineteenth Century India

Ball, Valentine
Usha, 1985-01-1
 

Marcos: Wild Child of the Sierra Morena

Manila, Gabriel Janer; Bonner, Deborah (trans)
Prometheus Books, 1982-10
ISBN 9780285649248
 

Of Wolves and Men

Of Wolves and Men
Lopez, Barry Holstun
Touchstone Books, 1982-02
ISBN 9780684163222
 

Jim Corbett's India

Jim Corbett's India
Hawkins, R E
Oxford University Press, London, 1978
ISBN 9780192820426
 

The Wild Boy of Burundi: The Story of an Outcast Child

The Wild Boy of Burundi: A study of an outcast child
Lane, Harlan & Pillard, Richard
Random House, 1978
ISBN 9780394412528
 
FeralChildren.com says An outcast child rather than a feral child.

Brain Function and Malnutrition: Neuropsychological Methods of Assessment

Prescott, James W (ed) & Read, Merrill S (ed) & Coursin, David B (ed)
John Wiley & Sons, 1975
ISBN 9780471696735
 

The Empty Fortress

The Empty Fortress
Bettelheim, Bruno
Free Press, 1972-09
ISBN 9780029031407
 
FeralChildren.com says In which Bettelheim uses feral children as part of his argument that autism can result from trauma in childhod, even minor trauma during a critical period if a child has a congenital predisposition.

Speech and the Development of Mental Processes in the Child: An Experimental Investigation

Luria, A & Yudovich, F
Penguin Books, London, 1971-10-1
ISBN 9780140806151
 

Gazelle Boy

Gazelle Boy
Armen, Jean-Claude (Jean-Claude Auger) ; Hardman, Stephen (trans)
Universe Books, New York, 1971
 
FeralChildren.com says The story of how Armen found and followed a gazelle-boy in the western Sahara. (There is an audio book version of this title on cassette, but I haven't found a supplier.)

Words and Things

Words and Things
Brown, Roger
Free Press, 1958-01
ISBN 9780029048009
 
FeralChildren.com says One of the chapters covers language acquisition in isolated children.

Man into Wolf: An Anthropological Study of Sadism, Masochism, Lycanthropy

Man into Wolf: An Anthropological Study of Sadism, Masochism, Lycanthropy
Eisler, Robert
Spring Books, London, 1951
ISBN 9780915520060
 

Human Society

HUMAN SOCIETY
Davis, Kingsley
Macmillan Co, New York, 1949
ISBN 9780000456724
 

Wolf Child and Human Child

Wolf child and human child
Gesell, Arnold Lucius
Harper, 1940
ISBN 9787277199712
 
FeralChildren.com says Being a narrative interpretation of the life history of Kamala, the wolf girl; based on the diary account of a child who was reared by a wolf and who then lived for nine years in the orphanage of Midnapore, in the province of Bengal, India. A somewhat superficial and half-fictionalised account with few photos.

Straight Texas (Publications of the Texas Folklore Society, 13)

Straight Texas (Publications of the Texas Folklore Society, 13)
Dobie, J Frank (ed)
University of North Texas Press (April 2000), 1937
page 79-86
ISBN 9781574410976
 
FeralChildren.com says A collection of Texan stories, including one chapter on The Lobo Girl of Devil's River.

The Wild Boy of Aveyron

The Wild Boy of Aveyron.
Itard Jean Marc Gaspard, & Humphrey, G & Humphrey, M (trans)
Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York, 1932
ISBN 9780139594946
 

Ovid's Fasti

Ovid's Fasti
Frazer, Sir James (ed)
London, 1929
ISBN 9780674992795
 
FeralChildren.com says A commentary thereon quoting North Indian Notes and Queries, March 1893.

Procopius: History of the Wars; Books Vi-Vii, Gothic War (De Bello Gothico)

Procopius: History of the Wars; Books Vi-Vii, Gothic War (De Bello Gothico)
Procopius, Caesariensis (of Caesarea); Dewing, H B (trans)
Harvard University Press, 1924-06
ISBN 9786749919155
 

Sanichar, the Wolf-Boy of India

Ferris, George Chauncey
New York, 1902
 

Jungle Life in India, or the Journeys and Journals of an Indian Geologist

Ball, Valentine
London, 1880
 

The Fairy Mythology

The Fairy Mythology
Keightley, Thomas
H. G. Bohn, London, 1870
page 281-283
ISBN 9780838302811
Read an extract
 

The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach

The Anthropological Treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach
Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich & Bendyshe, Thomas
Longman, Green, Roberts, London, 1865
 

The Church Historians of England

Newburgh, William & Stevenson, J (trans)
Seeleys, London, 1861
vol 4, 11, ch 27
Read this work
 

A Journey through the Kingdom of Oude, in 1849-50

A Journey through the Kingdom of Oude, in 1849-50
Sleeman, Sir William Henry
Richard Bentley, London, 1858
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says Reprinted in various places at various times, most recently in New Delhi in 1995.

Rerum Britannicarum Medii Aevi Scriptores, or Chronicles and Memorials of Great Britain and Ireland During the Middle Ages

Coggeshall, Ralph of
London, 1857
no 66 page 118-120
 
FeralChildren.com says A history of England, mainly covering the years 1187 to 1224. Reprinted and republished at various times during the 19th and 20th centuries.

An Account of Wolves Nurturing Children in Their Dens

Sleeman, Sir William Henry
Jenkin Thomas, printer, 9 Cornwall St, Plymouth, 1852
 
FeralChildren.com says 15 pages. A pamphlet that is impossible to obtain. Quoted extensively in Singh and Zingg, 1942, and reprinted in A Journey Through the Kingdom of Oude.

An Historical Account of the Discovery and Education of a Savage Man

An Historical Account of the Discovery and Education of a Savage Man
Itard, Jean M
Richard Phillips, London, 1802
Read this work
 

The Animal Kingdom or Zoological System of the Celebrated Sir Charles Linnaeus, trans. with additions by Robert Kerr

Kerr, Robert
1792
 

Antient Metaphysics: or, the Science of Universals

Antient Metaphysics: or, the Science of Universals
Monboddo, Lord (James Burnett)
1784
vol 3 page 59-68, 368-78
ISBN 9780824017897
 
FeralChildren.com says A defence of Greek philosophy. A facsimile edition was published in 1977, and again in 2001 by Thoemmes (now Rachel Lee Rare Books).

Natural history, general and particular, by the Count de Buffon

Smellie, William (trans)
W Strahan and T Cadell, Edinburgh, 1781
vol 3, section IX page 171-172
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says Translation into English of Buffon's Histoire Naturelle

An Account of a Savage Girl [M. A. Memmie LeBlanc] caught wild in the woods of Champagne. With a preface (containing additional information) by Lord Monboddo

La Condamine, Charles-Marie; Robertson (trans)
A Kincaid & J Bell, Glasgow, 1768
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says A translation of Histoire d'une Jeune Fille Sauvage… by La Condamine, which you can read online in full in French.

Histoire d'une Jeune Fille Sauvage Trouvée dans les Bois à l'âge de Dix Ans

Hecquet, Mme
1755
Read this work
 
FeralChildren.com says Published under the pseudonym Madame Hecquet but in fact by Charles La Condamine. The later introduction and additions to the English version are also useful.

An Enquiry how the Wild Youth, lately taken in the Woods near Hanover (and now brought over to England) could be there left and by what creature he could be suckled, nursed, etc.

unknown
unknown, London, 1726
Read this work
 
FeralChildren.com says A work of pure speculation about how Wild Peter might have survived in the wild.

Mere Nature Delineated: or, a Body without a soul. Being observations upon the young forester lately brought to town from Germany. With suitable applications. Also, a brief dissertation upon the usefulness and necessity of fools, etc.

Defoe, Daniel
T Warner, London, 1726
 
FeralChildren.com says This was actually published anonymously.

The History of Poland in Several Letters to Persons of Quality

Connor, Bernard (O'Connor)
Dan. Brown & A. Roper, London, 1698
page 342ff
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says The full title is as good a description as any: The history of Poland in several letters to persons of quality, giving an account of the antient and present state of that kingdom, historical, geographical, physical, political and ecclesiastical ... : with sculptures, and a new map after the best geographers : with several letters relating to physick.

Arcana Microcosmi

Arcana Microcosmi or the hid secrets of Man's Body Discovered; in an anatomical duel between Aristotle and Galen...
Ross, Alexander
Tho. Newcomb (printer), London, 1652
bk 2, ch 4 page 111-116
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says Ross tries to defend traditional beliefs against the new scientific discoveries of his age.

Two Treatises. In the One of Which, the Nature of Bodies; in the Other, the Nature of Mans Soule; is Looked Into: in Way of Discovery, of the Immortality of Reasonable Soules

Two Treatises: In the One of Which, the Nature of Bodies; in the Other, the Nature of Mans Soule, Is Looked Into: In Way of Disc
Digby, Sir Kenelm (Kenelme Digbie)
G. Blaizot (printer), Paris, 1644
page 247-248
Read an extract
 
FeralChildren.com says Digby presents a mechanistic account of the nature and motion of bodies, dealing with such issues as refraction and the movement of the heart.
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